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The Organisation de l'armée secrète (OAS — or Organisation armée secrète, lit. "Organisation of the Secret Army" or "Secret Armed Organisation") was a short-lived French dissident far-right paramilitary organisation during the Algerian War (1954–62). The OAS used armed struggle in an attempt to prevent Algeria's independence from French colonial rule. Its motto was ''フランス語:L’Algérie est française et le restera'' ("Algeria is French and will remain so"). The OAS was formed out of existing networks, calling themselves "counter-terrorists", "self-defence groups", or "resistance", which had carried out attacks on the FLN and their perceived supporters since early in the war. It was officially formed in Francoist Spain, in Madrid in January 1961, as a response by some French politicians and French military officers to the 8 January 1961 referendum on self-determination concerning Algeria, which had been organized by General de Gaulle. After the March 1962 Evian agreements, which granted independence to Algeria and marked the beginning of the exodus of the ''pieds-noirs'', the OAS tried by a campaign of assassinations and bombings to stop the ongoing political process. This campaign culminated in Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry's 1962 assassination attempt against president Charles de Gaulle in the Paris suburb of Le Petit-Clamart. Another prominent target was the communist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, who supported the FLN. The OAS still has admirers in French nationalist movements. In July 2006, some OAS sympathisers attempted to relight the flame of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier to commemorate the Oran massacre on 5 July 1962.〔(''Les nostalgiques de l'Algérie française ont la dent dure'' ), in ''Le MatinDZ'', 13 October 2007 〕 == History == The OAS was created in response to the January 1961 referendum on self-determination for Algeria. It was founded in Spain, on January 1961, by former officers, Pierre Lagaillarde (who led the 1960 Siege of Algiers), General Raoul Salan (who took part in the 1961 Algiers putsch or "Generals' Uprising") and Jean-Jacques Susini, along with other members of the French Army, including Yves Guérin-Sérac, and former members of the French Foreign Legion from the First Indochina War (1946–54). ''OAS-Métro'', the branch in metropolitan France, was led by captain Pierre Sergent. These officers united earlier anti-FLN networks such as the ''Organisation de Résistance de L'Algérie Française''. There was resistance against Algerian independence in January 1960 by the settlers and by Algerian Jews, who again took up arms in April 1961, during the Generals' Uprising, with some of the Algerian Jews siding with the OAS after synagogues were attacked by the National Liberation Front (''Front de libération nationale'', FLN) in Algeria. Daniele Ganser of the ETH Parallel History Project claims that Gladio stay-behind networks, directed by NATO, were involved, but no definitive proof has been found.〔(Chronology from The Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact ), ETH Zurich Institute.〕〔Daniele Ganser, ''Operation Gladio. Terrorism in Western Europe'', Franck Cass, London, 2005.〕 Both of these insurrections were swiftly suppressed and many of the leaders who had created the OAS were imprisoned. By acts of sabotage and assassination in both metropolitan France and French Algerian territories, the OAS attempted to prevent Algerian independence. The first victim was Pierre Popie, attorney and president of the People's Republican Movement (''Mouvement Républicain Populaire'', MRP), who stated on TV, "French Algeria is dead" (''L’Algérie française est morte''). Roger Gavoury, head of the French police in Algiers, was assassinated at the direction of Roger Degueldre, leader of the OAS Delta Commando, with the actual killing done by Claude Piegts and Albert Dovecar on 31 May 1961 (Piegts and Dovecar were executed by a firing-squad on 7 June 1962. Degueldre on 6 July). The OAS became notorious for ''stroungas'', attacks using plastic explosives (''stroungas'' comes from the Italian ''stroncare'', to rip down; many pied-noirs were of southern Italian descent which influenced local French). In October 1961 Pierre Lagaillarde, who had escaped to Francoist Spain following the 1960 barricades week, was arrested in Madrid, along with the Italian activist Guido Giannettini.〔René Monzat, ''Enquêtes sur la droite extrême'', Le Monde-éditions, 1992, p.91. Monzat quotes François Duprat, ''L’Ascension du MSI'', Edition les Sept Couleurs, Paris, 1972〕 Franco then exiled him to the Canary Islands. The Delta commandos engaged in indiscriminate killing sprees, on 17 March 1962; against cleaning-ladies on 5 May; on 15 March 1962 against six inspectors of the National Education Ministry, who directed the "Educative Social Centres" (''Centres sociaux éducatifs''), including Mouloud Feraoun, an Algerian writer, etc.〔(''26 mars 1962, la fusillade de la rue d’Isly à Alger'' ), ''Ligue des droits de l'homme'' (LDH, Human Rights League), article based on sources from Benjamin Stora, ''Histoire de la guerre d'Algérie'', ''La gangrène et l'oubli'' and Sylvie Thénault, ''Histoire de la guerre d'indépendance algérienne'' 〕 The OAS attempted several times to assassinate French president Charles de Gaulle. The most prominent attempt was a 22 August 1962 ambush at Petit-Clamart, a Paris suburb, planned by a military engineer who was not an OAS member, Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry. Bastien-Thiry was executed in March 1963 after de Gaulle refused to grant him amnesty. A fictionalised version of this attack was recreated in the 1971 book by Frederick Forsyth, ''The Day of the Jackal'', and in the 1973 film of the same name. The OAS use of extreme violence created strong opposition from some ''pieds-noirs'' and in mainland France. As a result, the OAS eventually found itself in violent clandestine conflict with not only the FLN but also French secret services and with a Gaullist paramilitary, the ''Mouvement pour la Communauté'' (the MPC). Originally a political movement in Algiers, the MPC eventually became a paramilitary force in response to OAS violence. The group obtained valuable information which was routinely passed on to the French secret services, but was eventually destroyed by OAS assassinations. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Organisation de l'armée secrète」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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